【投資水資源】薩索爾堡千家屋危機:基建環保質疑引法庭對決

Wonderfontein大型住宅項目引發基建及環境風險憂慮

位於自由邦省Sasolburg附近,由Metsimaholo地方政府推動的Wonderfontein發展計劃,承諾提供數以千計急需的住宅,以解決當地超過19,000個住房缺口問題。然而,隨著項目規模不斷擴大,基礎設施及環境保障是否完善,成為社區關注焦點。AfriForum組織及土地擁有人正計劃於十月在布隆方丹自由邦高等法院對此提出法律挑戰。

Wonderfontein計劃自2010年起已在Metsimaholo政府議程中,初時規劃約3,000個住宅地段,但至2018年擴展至8,000個地段,預計可容納30,000至35,000人。此擴張引起居民反對,並在公眾參與程序中被提交至市政規劃審裁處(MPT)。2019年10月,審裁處批准項目,但附加嚴格的前置條件,包括更新交通影響評估、完善道路及排水系統、污水處理設施建設、符合國家及省級水務及環境部門規定,以及新建污水處理廠。社區接受項目,前提是這些條件必須落實。

當初計劃使用Sasol現有污水處理廠,但隨著項目規模擴大,該廠容量不足。Sasol向時任自由邦省長Ace Magashule表示,需要一座耗資12億蘭特的新處理廠,政府後來承諾負責建設。多年來進度緩慢,直至2023年工地活動重啟,AfriForum開始質疑條件是否被遵守,要求官方公開污水處理方案,但至今未獲明確回應。

Metsimaholo政府表示,Wonderfontein是旗艦綜合開發項目,提供約8,000個住宅單位,涵蓋獨立住宅、社區住宅及按揭住房,旨在促進Sasolburg與Vanderbijlpark之間的空間整合及社會經濟融合。該項目配套托兒所、學校、商業及教堂,期望建立多元共融及可持續社區。不過,在污水處理廠、道路及其他基建未完善前遷入居民,可能帶來安全及環境風險。

AfriForum要求暫停項目,直至審裁處條件完全達標,反對政府以《空間規劃及土地使用管理法》(Spluma)豁免期限,認為此舉削弱法律明確性及社區權益。2024年底自由邦人居部申請Spluma豁免,2025年3月獲土地改革及鄉村發展部長Mzwanele Nyhontso批准延長五年。AfriForum要求法院撤銷該豁免。

關於污水處理,2019年審裁處規定必須於城鎮宣告前建成處理廠,但AfriForum及居民擔憂未見實際建設。市政府發言人Gino Alberts表示,為避免延誤住房交付,已指示開發商建設臨時污水處理設施,達標排放標準,直至永久設施完成。環境影響評估專家Judy Johnston批評此舉是推卸責任,質疑誰會負責長期運營及維護,擔心將引發環境災難。

交通安全方面,項目鄰近繁忙的R59交匯處,AfriForum警告若不先升級道路,新增3萬居民將導致交通事故及死亡率激增。當地居民Chris van Niekerk指出路標不足、維護差及執法薄弱,並強調審裁處明確禁止基礎設施未就緒前進行開發,但相關要求未獲遵守。市政府回應將分階段執行道路升級,並由工程師逐階段檢查驗收,確保居民獲得安全可靠的服務。

工地挖掘時大量地下水湧現,且被引導至鄰近私人土地的排水渠,違反審裁處關於雨水管理的條件。Van Niekerk表示,開發商將水引流至其土地,令他須自行挖溝排水,問題嚴重。市政府技術部門已展開現場調查,若證實違規,將要求開發商自費整改。Johnston建議開發商應在道路範圍內合理規劃排水,並確保不影響下游土地,污水管道亦須接入市政系統,否則項目不應繼續。

AfriForum批評未獲完整環評報告,市政府回應該報告屬官方文件,須按《信息公開促進法》申請查閱。Wonderfontein項目依據2009年及2018年修訂的環境授權進行,Johnston質疑該授權是否過期,因多數授權五年內須開工,否則失效。

污水問題尤為嚴重,社區倡導者Rosemary Anderson指出,南非污水處理廠不僅容量不足,更因泵站維護不善,污水無法有效送達處理廠。Metsimaholo多處泵站因老化、破壞及堵塞而失效,導致生污水流入整合的Vaal河系統,威脅下游數百萬用戶飲用水安全。政府最新綠點報告顯示,Deneysville及Oranjeville兩座污水廠狀況危急,僅Sasol營運的Sasolburg廠正常運作,但社區對政府管理新廠缺乏信心。市政府稱正加緊維修及升級設施,優先保護水源敏感區。

項目基建及環境合規進度受資金限制,政府正尋求條件性撥款及基建資金支持,並分階段推進。自由邦人居部強調分階段實施是應對財政壓力的策略,確保各項發展元素完善後,受益人才能遷入。

然而,當地居民反映道路破損嚴重,補修緩慢且效果短暫,人口流失嚴重。社區人士痛批,Wonderfontein暴露出市政治理不善及可持續性問題,污水污染多年未解,政府面臨刑事調查,卻仍強行推動大型住宅項目,未能滿足基本衛生及水務要求。市政府則回應基建維護及新發展同為優先事項,年度預算包含關鍵基建升級,並認為Wonderfontein有助緩解住房短缺及促進經濟增長。

評論與見解

Wonderfontein項目本應是緩解嚴重住房短缺的良方,但從現況看,基礎設施與環境保護的嚴重不足,反映出地方政府在規劃、執行及監督上的多重失職。污水處理及交通安全問題不僅關乎居民生活質素,更牽涉公共健康與生態安全,尤其是Vaal河流域的水資源保護,對下游數百萬人飲水安全至關重要。

政府以分階段推進及臨時設施作為權宜之計,未能解決長遠維護責任與資金保障,令人質疑其可持續發展能力。AfriForum的法律挑戰凸顯民間對政府透明度和問責的要求,亦提醒我們大型公共項目必須建立在嚴謹的基建與環境評估基礎上,否則易釀成社區危機。

此外,Spluma豁免期限的批出,雖為加快項目推進提供空間,卻可能侵蝕法律程序的完整性和社區參與權,這種行政手段應謹慎使用,避免成為忽視民意和環評的藉口。

從更廣闊的視角看,Wonderfontein事件反映出南非部分地方政府在資源有限、人口壓力大背景下,如何平衡發展需求與環境保護的艱難抉擇。這也提醒其他地區,任何大型住宅或基建項目,必須先行確保基礎設施完善與環境可持續,否則不僅無法改善民生,反而可能加劇社會矛盾與環境惡化。

香港作為一個高度城市化的地區,亦面臨土地及基建壓力,Wonderfontein的案例提供了重要啟示:推動大型房屋政策時,必須全盤考慮交通、排污、環境及社區承受能力,全面規劃與透明監督不可或缺。否則,短視的發展只會帶來長遠的代價。

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