「美國最高法院審理墨西哥槍械訴訟」




美國最高法院將審理墨西哥對美國槍械公司的訴訟挑戰

華盛頓 (路透社) – 美國最高法院週五同意審理美國槍械製造商史密斯威森(Smith & Wesson)和槍械批發商Interstate Arms提出的訴訟,試圖駁回墨西哥指控他們協助非法向墨西哥毒品卡特爾走私槍支的訴訟。

最高法院接受了這兩家公司對下級法院拒絕駁回墨西哥訴訟的上訴。該訴訟於2021年在波士頓聯邦法院提起,根據2005年美國法律,該法律廣泛保護槍械公司免於因其產品所犯下的罪行而承擔責任。

最高法院將在週一開始的九個月任期內審理此案。

墨西哥最初起訴了七家美國槍械製造商——史密斯威森、巴雷特、貝瑞塔、世紀軍械、柯爾特、格洛克和魯格——以及Interstate Arms。由於程序原因,六家槍械製造商後來被從案件中移除,剩下史密斯威森和Interstate Arms作為被告。

訴訟中共提出了九項指控,指控這些公司違反州法律,協助和教唆槍支走私到墨西哥毒品卡特爾,助長了墨西哥所稱的“暴力流行病”。

訴訟指控槍械公司非法設計和營銷其產品,目的是提高卡特爾的需求,包括通過將其“民用”產品與美國軍隊和執法部門聯繫起來。

它還指控這些公司明知其分銷系統包括與第三方或“稻草人”購買者共謀的槍械經銷商,這些購買者將槍支走私到墨西哥的卡特爾。

“被告採取這種掩耳盜鈴的做法,否認責任,同時明知地從刑事貿易中獲利,”墨西哥的訴訟中寫道。

根據訴訟估計,從美國走私到墨西哥的所有槍支的總價值——包括被告和其他製造商製造的槍支——每年超過2.5億美元。

墨西哥正在尋求數額不明的金錢賠償,估計達數十億美元,並要求法院命令槍械公司採取措施“減輕和補救他們在墨西哥造成的公共滋擾。”

根據案件中的法院文件,在2007年至2019年間,墨西哥大多數涉及槍支的18萬起兇殺案都是使用從美國走私的武器所犯,墨西哥是一個擁有嚴格槍支法律的國家。

根據聖地亞哥大學2021年的一份報告,近年來墨西哥多達三分之二的故意殺人案件都帶有有組織犯罪的跡象,包括使用高功率武器、多名受害者、酷刑證據和與特定犯罪團伙相關的訊息。

根據訴訟,由美國製造槍支走私引發的槍支暴力助長了墨西哥的商業投資和經濟活動的下降,並迫使其政府在包括醫療保健、執法和軍事等服務上承擔了異常高的成本。

尋求駁回訴訟的槍械公司辯稱,訴訟受2005年聯邦法律《合法槍械商業保護法》的禁止,該法律保護槍械製造商和經銷商免於因其產品的犯罪濫用而承擔責任。

2022年,波士頓的美國地方法官丹尼斯·塞勒站在公司一邊,駁回了案件,認為這部法律“旨在禁止目前在此法院面前的這類索賠。”

在上訴中,波士頓的第一巡迴上訴法院在今年1月推翻了塞勒的決定,裁定訴訟可以繼續進行。第一巡迴法院發現,墨西哥合理地聲稱美國槍械公司“協助和教唆明知非法的槍支走私到墨西哥”,對政府造成傷害——這種行為超出了該法律的保護範圍。

在向最高法院上訴時,這些公司辯稱,訴訟試圖“威脅行業採取一系列美國選民多次拒絕的槍支管制措施。”

編者評論:
這起官司突顯了跨國法律和責任問題的複雜性。墨西哥指控美國槍械公司助長暴力,並聲稱這些公司應對此負責,這是一個值得關注的議題。從法律角度來看,2005年的《合法槍械商業保護法》是否應該在這種情況下適用,這將成為關鍵爭論點。墨西哥的訴訟不僅涉及法律責任,還涉及道德責任,反映出跨國企業在全球市場中的行為可能對他國社會產生重大影響。

從經濟角度看,這起訴訟反映了槍支暴力對墨西哥經濟的深遠影響,特別是在商業投資和公共服務成本方面。這也強調了國際貿易和走私活動對國家安全和經濟穩定的威脅。

美國最高法院的裁決將對全球槍械市場產生深遠影響,並可能改變槍械製造商在國際市場中的運營方式。無論最終結果如何,這起訴訟都將成為未來類似訴訟的重要參考案例。

以上文章由特價GPT API根據網上資料所翻譯及撰寫,過程中沒有任何人類參與 🙂

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Drone photo near Christ the Redeemer in Rio. Include a close-up of the tourist using {reference_image} as the face, standing at the viewpoint. He wears a casual t-shirt, shorts, and sneakers. Drone hovers slightly in front and above him, capturing both his face clearly and the giant statue towering behind. 一隻在香港茶餐廳喝奶茶的貓 {
"intro": "Create an ultra realistic 8K UHD DSLR photo based on the attached image as a reference of facial features, maintaining 100% likeness.",

"subject": {
"identity": "A stylish beautiful woman portrayed as Cleopatra, the eternal Queen of Egypt, radiating supreme authority, elegance, and divine power.",
"angle": "Full-body editorial portrait captured at a cinematic 3/4 angle, both Cleopatra and the horse positioned diagonally, rendered in ultra-crisp clarity with no blur.",
"pose": {
"body_position": "She is riding a majestic white horse, seated confidently with impeccable royal posture, her torso slightly turned to a 3/4 angle to emphasize grace and dominance.",
"hands": "One hand gently holds the gold-accented reins, while the other rests elegantly near her waist, displaying ornate jewelry.",
"expression": "She looks directly at the camera with a calm, commanding, and seductive gaze—the unmistakable presence of a queen born to rule."
}
},

"appearance": {
"outfit": "An opulent, ultra-bongga Cleopatra couture gown in pristine white and radiant gold. The gown features a sculpted corset bodice richly embroidered with gold hieroglyphic motifs, sun-disk patterns, and crystal beadwork. Flowing white silk, chiffon, and sheer organza panels cascade dramatically from the waist and shoulders, creating powerful movement as she rides. A daring thigh-high slit reveals her leg, balancing sensuality with imperial elegance. Every seam is traced with gold-thread embroidery for a luminous, goddess-like silhouette.",
"accessories": "She wears the exact Cleopatra headpiece from the attached reference image: a regal black-and-gold striped nemes-style headdress with a polished gold cobra (uraeus) centerpiece at the forehead, structured side panels, and intricate gold detailing. Paired with a wide Egyptian collar necklace with turquoise accents, engraved gold arm cuffs, crystal finger rings, an ornate gold waist belt, delicate anklets, and elegant flat Egyptian sandals.",
"hair": "Her hair is fully concealed beneath the nemes headpiece as shown in the reference image, ensuring perfect historical accuracy and symmetry.",
"makeup": "Ultra-bold, highly colorful Egyptian eye makeup with ceremonial ink artistry. Her eyes feature sharp elongated black kohl eyeliner extended dramatically past the outer corners, layered with vivid turquoise, teal, emerald green, sapphire blue, violet, and metallic gold pigments blended in high-fashion gradients. Beneath each eye, intricate hand-drawn ink designs inspired by ancient Egyptian symbolism are visible—fine black and gold lines, dots, and sacred motifs echoing hieroglyphs and protective markings, following the natural curve of the lower eye and cheekbone. Her complexion is flawless and softly bronzed with luminous highlights, brows are sculpted and powerful, cheeks carry a subtle coral-rose flush, and lips are finished in a refined nude-rose satin tone to balance the intense, artistic eye look."
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"props": {
"animal": "A powerful, majestic white horse with a flowing ivory mane, sculpted muscles, and intelligent dark eyes. The horse wears elegant white-and-gold tack engraved with Egyptian motifs, symbolizing royal conquest, divine favor, and sovereignty."
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"background": {
"macro_environment": "A vast open desert landscape near the Egyptian palace and pyramids at golden hour, stretching endlessly beneath a dramatic sky glowing with gold, amber, and soft ivory tones.",
"midground_details": "Distant pyramids rising from the sand, monumental stone statues, ceremonial banners moving in the wind, and faint silhouettes of royal guards and attendants placed far behind for scale.",
"micro_elements": "Fine desert sand lifted by the horse’s movement, sharply defined gold engravings on the reins, visible embroidery threads on the gown, subtle translucency of sheer fabrics, radiant light reflections on gold surfaces, and crisp, realistic shadows—everything rendered with extreme clarity and zero blur."
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"lighting": {
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"camera": {
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"resolution": "8K UHD",
"lens": "50mm prime lens",
"aperture": "f/8 for maximum sharpness across subject and background",
"iso": 100,
"shutter_speed": "1/250s to freeze motion while maintaining realism",
"focus": "Extreme sharp focus from foreground to background, no bokeh, no blur"
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"style": "High-fashion editorial, cinematic realism, divine Egyptian royalty, white-and-gold couture contrasted with vibrant ceremonial eye art, powerful, sensual, ultra-detailed, sharp, majestic"
}