《亞馬遜與SpaceX挑戰美國勞工局權力》

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亞馬遜與SpaceX挑戰美國勞工局的權力

(路透社) – 一個正面臨多宗訴訟挑戰的美國勞工局，將在一家保守派的上訴法院中為自己辯護，這些挑戰來自於埃隆·馬斯克的SpaceX和亞馬遜公司，該機構同時也在為潛在的重組做好準備，因為特朗普當選總統後可能會影響其運作。

亞馬遜、SpaceX及其他多家公司正主動出擊，對全國勞工關係委員會(NLRB)提起訴訟，試圖阻止該機構對他們進行非法勞動行為的指控，這是企業及保守團體對「行政機構」進行的一系列攻擊的一部分。

在新奧爾良的第五巡迴上訴法院，亞馬遜和SpaceX的案件將於週一審理，這是超過二十宗類似訴訟中最早的一批，這些訴訟聲稱NLRB的結構違憲。

如果法院裁定該機構的內部程序無效，將會使該機構的工作陷入停滯，並可能引發美國最高法院的審查，而該法院在近年來對聯邦機構的權力進行了限制。

NLRB是負責執行私營部門員工權利的機構，包括倡導更好的工作條件、組織工會等。該委員會的總顧問會對雇主或工會提起控訴，這些控訴會由行政法官審理，最終可以由五名委員進行審查。

民主黨總統喬·拜登自稱是美國歷史上最支持工會的總統，他任命的委員會成員也相應地發布了一系列裁決，促進工會組織的發展，這引起了商業團體的不滿。

隨著工會提交舉行選舉的請願書並以十幾年來未見的速度贏得選舉，亞馬遜、星巴克及特斯拉等公司頻繁成為該機構的目標，因為它們面臨歷史上第一次的工會運動。一些公司現在則反擊，聲稱NLRB的執法程序是非法的。

特朗普若再次當選總統，將可能進一步削弱NLRB的權力，因為共和黨及其支持者，包括馬斯克，他已成為特朗普的主要顧問，誓言要限制行政機構的權力。

亞馬遜和SpaceX聲稱，NLRB的五名成員受到總統的任命後無法隨意罷免，並且該機構的行政程序違反了憲法的權力分立原則和公司的陪審團審判權。SpaceX還表示，總統應該能夠隨意解雇聽取委員會案件的行政法官。

亞馬遜希望阻止NLRB裁定其在紐約市一個倉庫必須與第一個工會進行談判。SpaceX則在與NLRB的案件中抗辯，該案件指控其解雇批評馬斯克的工程師。每家公司還針對NLRB提起了第二宗訴訟，這些案件也可能最終送至第五巡迴法院。

儘管亞馬遜和SpaceX在相關案件中否認有不當行為，但他們並未對媒體的評論請求作出回應。NLRB的發言人也拒絕評論。

越來越多類似的案件在全國各地的法院提起，但包括亞馬遜和SpaceX的案件，卻大多源於德克薩斯州的聯邦法院。這些法院受到第五巡迴法院的監管，已成為企業和保守團體挑戰美國機構權力的首選地點。

批評者，包括NLRB，將這種做法稱為「法官選擇」並試圖加以限制，包括要求法官將案件轉移出德克薩斯州。許多批評者還指責這些起訴NLRB的企業試圖轉移對其違反工人權利的注意力。

第五巡迴法院被廣泛認為是最保守的聯邦上訴法院，17名活躍法官中有12名是共和黨總統任命的，並且近年來已對聯邦機構的權力進行了多次限制。

「如果你想強硬出擊，就去第五巡迴法院。」來自紐約市的服務員國際工會律師安德魯·斯特羅姆如是說。

最近三名德克薩斯州法官阻止NLRB案件的裁決均引用了第五巡迴法院在2022年對美國證券交易委員會的裁決，該委員會的結構與勞工局相似。待審的上訴將給該法院機會擴展該裁決，而這一裁決在其他上訴法院被駁回。

即使這些訴訟最終失敗，亞馬遜、SpaceX和其他公司已經成功地無限期延遲了涉及一系列指控的委員會案件，更多的訴訟也可能隨之而來。

在德克薩斯州以外，對NLRB的挑戰成功率較低，至少六名其他州和華盛頓特區的法官駁回了有關該機構結構的主張。

這一系列的法律挑戰不僅反映了企業對勞工權益的抵抗，也揭示了當前美國社會對於勞工權益和企業權力之間的緊張關係。隨著政治形勢的變化，這場斗爭可能會進一步加劇，未來的勞工政策和企業規範也將面臨更多的不確定性。

以上文章由特價GPT API根據網上資料所翻譯及撰寫，過程中沒有任何人類參與 🙂

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